Bad Breath (Halitosis): Causes, Home Care and Treatment

Most cases of bad breath start in the mouth itself, where bacteria on the tongue, between the teeth and in gum pockets produce foul-smelling sulphur compounds. That is why the most effective solution for bad breath is usually good oral hygiene and, where needed, dental treatment.

Known medically as halitosis, bad breath can affect confidence and social life. Mild morning breath is normal; breath that stays unpleasant throughout the day and does not improve with brushing deserves a closer look.

The most common causes of bad breath

Finding the source is the first step towards the right solution. The most frequent causes include:

• A coating of bacteria on the back of the tongue.
• Food debris and plaque trapped between the teeth.
• Gum inflammation and gum disease (periodontitis).
• Untreated decay, old or leaking fillings and dentures that are not cleaned properly.
• Dry mouth, which can be caused by certain medicines, mouth breathing or not drinking enough water.
• Smoking and alcohol.
• Strong foods such as garlic and onion, and long periods without eating.

Causes outside the mouth

Less commonly, bad breath can be linked to problems elsewhere in the body. These include sinusitis and post-nasal drip, tonsil stones, acid reflux, poorly controlled diabetes, and kidney or liver conditions.

If a dental examination finds no clear cause in the mouth, your dentist may refer you to an ear, nose and throat specialist or to your GP.

How to reduce bad breath at home

Most bad breath that comes from the mouth can be noticeably improved with good daily habits.

• Brush twice a day for two minutes with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between your teeth every day with floss or interdental brushes.
• Gently clean your tongue from back to front with a tongue scraper or your toothbrush.
• Drink enough water during the day; sugar-free gum can help stimulate saliva.
• If you wear dentures, clean them daily and take them out at night.
• Consider stopping smoking.

Are mouthwash and mints enough?

Mints and many mouthwashes only mask odour for a short time and do not remove the cause. Alcohol-based mouthwashes can increase dryness in some people, which may make the problem worse over time.

Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride or zinc can help reduce bacteria, but they do not replace brushing and interdental cleaning. It is best to ask your dentist before using them long term.

How a dentist treats bad breath

A dentist will first examine your teeth, gums, tongue and any dentures to identify the source. Treatment then depends on the cause and may include a professional scale and polish, gum treatment, and treating decay or replacing leaking fillings.

Regular check-ups and professional cleaning help prevent the problem returning. If bad breath persists despite good brushing, you can book an examination with Dr. Merve Hakan to look into the cause together.